What Is a Satellite Communication System?

Satellite communication system is a communication technology composed of multiple components that enable signal transmission. Within this system, numerous satellites are positioned in Earth’s orbit. Geostationary (GEO) satellites rotate at the same speed as Earth, remaining fixed relative to the ground, and operate at an altitude of approximately 35,000 kilometers. The primary function of satellite communication systems is to transmit communication signals, enabling television broadcasts to reach viewers, supporting phone calls, and providing internet access. Satellites operate using solar energy, which they generate through solar panels. Excess energy is stored in onboard batteries to ensure uninterrupted operation and maintain active communication networks.

Satellite communication systems are capable of transmitting signals even in regions where terrestrial networks cannot reach. They also play a vital role in sustaining communication during disaster scenarios when terrestrial infrastructure becomes inoperable. Additionally, because satellites are located above the atmosphere, they can collect valuable data for meteorological studies and scientific research, supporting advanced observation and analysis.

How Do Satellite Communication Systems Work?

Satellite communication systems consist of three main components: transmitter ground station, satellite, and receiver ground station. The process begins with the ground station transmitting microwave signals to the satellite. These signals weaken while passing through the atmosphere. The satellite receives the signals through high-aperture antennas, amplifies them, and transmits them to another ground station. For example, television broadcasts are delivered to homes using this signal relay process. Since GEO satellites move at the same speed as Earth, ground antennas do not need to adjust their position.

Frequency bands are critical in satellite communication systems because they directly affect signal strength and data capacity. For example, 17–40 GHz Ka-Band frequencies are used for high-speed internet and multimedia applications. Satellites use transponders to ensure signals are relayed at the correct frequency and power levels.

Why Do We Need Satellite Communication Systems?

Satellite communication systems are essential for enabling global communication in areas where terrestrial networks are insufficient, including rural regions and maritime environments. They support the delivery of TV and radio broadcasts, internet, and telephony services to any location worldwide. Satellite communication is also required for navigation and military intelligence. For example, GPS functions entirely through satellite communication infrastructure. Communication satellites also support scientific studies by enabling observation of both Earth and space.

The Role of Satellite Communication in Emergency Situations

During natural disasters and wars, terrestrial communication infrastructure may become damaged or nonfunctional. Satellites remain operational during such events and provide critical communication continuity. For example, in a major earthquake, terrestrial phone networks may collapse. In this case, rescue teams use satellite communication systems for coordination and emergency response. Satellite internet ensures uninterrupted data exchange in regions without terrestrial connectivity and enables rapid crisis intervention.

How Many Communication Satellites Does Türkiye Have?

As of 28 April 2025, Türkiye operates six communication satellites: Türksat 3A, Türksat 4A, Türksat 4B, Türksat 5A, Türksat 5B, and Türksat 6A. These satellites provide uninterrupted communication coverage across Türkiye, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. With the launch of Türksat 6A, satellite coverage extended to 5 billion people globally.