A potentiometer is an electronic component used to control voltage by adjusting electrical resistance. Its variable resistance allows the user to regulate current, making it ideal for applications such as audio volume control, light dimming, and analog input interfaces.
What Does a Potentiometer Do?
Potentiometers are widely used in electronic circuits as a voltage divider. They can adjust the sound level in audio devices and control the brightness of LEDs. They also function as a physical input element in user interfaces for analog signal control.
How Does a Potentiometer Work?
A potentiometer changes resistance using a mechanically moving slider or rotary knob. While the total resistance between the two outer legs remains constant, the voltage between the middle leg (wiper) and one outer leg varies, providing a controllable analog output.
How to Connect a Potentiometer
Potentiometers typically use three terminals:
One for input voltage (VCC)
One for ground (GND)
The middle terminal (wiper) for adjustable output voltage
This structure enables conversion from a fixed input voltage to a user-adjustable analog output.
Types of Potentiometers
Linear potentiometer: Resistance changes proportionally to the slider position.
Digital potentiometer: Programmable resistance controlled by microcontrollers.
Multi-turn potentiometer: Allows multiple full rotations for precision tuning.
Slide potentiometer: Uses a sliding mechanism to adjust resistance.
What Is a 10k Potentiometer?
A 10k potentiometer has a maximum resistance of 10,000 ohms (10kΩ). It is a popular option for general electronic projects due to its balanced range for voltage and current control.
Motor Driver Connection for Speed Control
A potentiometer can be connected to a motor driver for speed regulation. Typically, the middle leg and one outer leg are connected to the driver’s speed control input, enabling smooth manual speed adjustment.
Potentiometer Control: LED and Servo Motor
Potentiometers can be used to:
Dim LED brightness by changing current flow
Control servo position by modifying analog voltage input, which alters the motor angle.
Price and Selection Criteria
Potentiometer cost depends on:
Resistance rating (5k, 10k, 50k, 100k, 500k, etc.)
Type (linear, digital, slide, multi-turn)
Additional features (switch-integrated, button-integrated, extended rotation like 900°)
Choosing the correct potentiometer requires matching these parameters to the project’s electrical and mechanical needs.
Summary
Potentiometers are fundamental components that provide flexible manual or programmable analog control in electronic systems. Their wide variety and applications make them suitable for both precision engineering and rapid manual tuning use cases.
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